ts0zf4omd0yyzqa7c1r1coniiibfad68.pdf
International Journal of Research in Medical and Clinical Science (IJRMCS)
ISSN: 2997-6189 | Volume 4, Issue 1, 2026
www.journalserapublications.com
Literature Review
Children’s Sensitivity to Environmental Electromagnetic Fields
Michael Bevington
Chair of Trustees, Electrosensitivity UK, BM Box ES-UK, London, WC1N 3XX.
Abstract
This review concerns children’s health in relation to their typical environmental exposure at home and school to
electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including radiofrequency from Wi-Fi, mobile phones and masts. It examines the extent to
which children, here defined as including adolescents up to adulthood, are physiologically more sensitive to EMFs than
adults, especially in the early years and while the brain is still developing myelin. It is challenging for parents, teachers and
clinicians to identify the level of sensitivity to EMFs in a particular child and whether that child suffers electromagnetic
hypersensitivity (EHS). There are well established short-term and long-term health hazards associated with EMF exposure.
In addition, the psychological and social harms from digital addiction are becoming better recognised. Finally, children’s
rights and the appropriate protection of children from EMF exposure are considered. This includes the problems of the
ICNIRP’s thermal guidelines which are unprotective of sensitive groups like children, and the World Health Organization’s
arbitrary denial of physiological sensitivity to EMFs. With accurate information and appropriate long-term guidelines,
parents, teachers and general practitioners can help ensure that children’s EMF environments are safe and healthy.
Key words: Sensitivity; hypersensitivity; electromagnetic fields; radiofrequency; home; school.
Introduction and in public places, from conception to death [2]. Average
environmental RF power density levels have increased in
Children’s Electromagnetic Environmental
urban areas over the last 100 years by one trillion times
Exposure
(1,000,000,000,000-fold) with much higher peaks, and
Almost all children are now exposed to very high levels of in 2012 Wi-Fi- equipped classrooms could average 10 to
man-made electromagnetic fields (EMFs) compared with 100 µW/m2 (microwatts per metre squared) [3]. The use
150 years ago. However, few children, parents, teachers of electricity and wireless has been related to “diseases of
or clinicians are aware of this enormous change in their civilization” [4], and in 1881 Beard named symptoms now
EMF environment. EMF exposures cover a spectrum of linked to EMF sensitivity as “American nervousness” [5].
frequencies. Extremely low frequencies (ELF), along with Since most children, their parents and teachers now live
time-varying electric and magnetic fields, are associated with in high levels of man-made EMFs, few have experienced a
electricity distribution through wiring. At higher frequencies hygienic environment without EMFs or can make health
there is electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light, along comparisons between the two environments.
with ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves, and radiofrequency
Children’s greater sensitivity to EMFs than
(RF) radiation as used for communication in radio and TV
adults
broadcasting, mobile phone signals, smart meters, Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi and LiFi. Since humans are essentially bioelectrical, any part of the
human body, including the mind and the five senses of
The first widespread application of electricity was with
perception, can be affected by EMF exposure. This includes
wired telegraphs in 1837. From the late 19th century
both natural EMFs, to which the human body has mainly
industrialised countries built electricity distribution
adapted, and harmful man-made or polarised EMFs [6].
systems and by 1913 electrical appliances were common in
homes. Radio broadcasts became common by 1920. From
1981 mobile phone networks were deployed in Sweden
and from 1999 Wi-Fi, laptops and Bluetooth earpieces
were first used. Wireless smart meters were introduced in
2008 and wristwatches from 2013. Smart glasses and voice
assistants were available from 2014. 4G mobile phones were
introduced in 2009, 5G in 2019 and LiFi in 2013. Corresponding Author: Michael Bevington, Chair of
In 2015, 75% of children in Korea used wireless devices by Trustees, Electrosensitivity UK, BM Box ES-UK, London,
the age of 4 years [1]. Over the past two decades children have WC1N 3XX.
faced unprecedented levels of RF exposure at home, school
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All humans, like other life-forms, are sensitive to natural effects [21], along with oxidative stress [22], itself confirmed
environmental EMFs. Thus brain waves are partly entrained through an auto-immune response in a case study [23]. Other
to the frequency of the Schumann Resonance [7, 8], and mechanisms have also been established [24], and disrupted
the cardiovascular system can be affected by geomagnetic ion-channel gating further analysed [25], although a quantum
disturbances [9], as revealed by the analysis of hospital mechanistic approach is needed for some aspects [26].
admissions over many decades. The first association of
Children have greater sensitivity to EMFs compared with
environmental geomagnetic changes was with biological
adults in terms of the measured peak spatial Specific
terrestrial effects caused by the 11-year sunspot cycle [10].
Absorption Rate (psSAR) [Table 1]. In fact, psSAR is of
It has since been observed in humans for influenza [11], and
limited use because it measures average thermal power
also in heart rate variability, depending on the individual’s
deposited over six or thirty minutes, not the primary and
sensitivity [12], including in elderly men [13], a group
more bioactive electric and magnetic fields of pulsed signals
especially sensitive to EMFs. Children with asthma can also
used by mobile phones and FM radio. Studies from the 1990s
be affected by solar and geomagnetic activity [14], and this
onwards have shown a larger in-depth penetration of SARs
may also raise the risk of an increase in births of autistic
for models of 5- and 10-year-old children as compared with
children [15], while solar maximum periods were linked
an adult. The radiation was shown extending from the side
with reduced life-span and some fertility [16].
of the head, against which the mobile phone was held, for
Adverse symptoms of human sensitivity to man-made EMFs up to 40% of the width of an adult’s skull, but for 80% for
were first recorded by a Fellow of the Royal Society of London a 5-year-old’s skull and 70% for a 10-year-old’s. The same
in 1733 [17]. In 1932 adverse symptoms were described effects apply to Wi-Fi, especially laptops and iPads held on
among electricity and radio workers [18], and more fully the groin or chest.
established by 1973 [19]. The mechanism of calcium flux
was discovered in the 1970s [20], causing adverse health
Table 1. The greater thermal sensitivity to EMFs of children compared with adults
psSAR higher in children Explanation for mobile phone held
Area of body Reference
than adults beside head
Whole Radiation extends 2 times Thinner skull of child, reduced skull
5-year-old child
head as far dimensions, higher conductivity and [27,28]
10-year-old child 60% higher electrical permittivity of child brain tissue
Hippocampus, hypothalamus 30-fold Closer proximity to the cell phone antenna [29]
Child’s higher conductivity and electrical
Skull bone marrow 10-fold permittivity, allowing greater penetration [30]
and absorption
Eyes 5-fold Closer proximity to the cell phone antenna [31]
Brain 2-fold Thinner skull of child 8-15 years [32]
Children’s physiological sensitivity to EMFs is especially [38]. Of 24 children living near a 1062 kHz transmitter, 54%
acute neurologically in their early years while the brain suffered noise-induced hearing loss, where the electric fields
develops. The brains of the fetus, infants and children have inside the houses were 0.48-2.86 V/m and power density was
lower levels of myelin, the fatty sheath lacking conductive 1,000 – 23,000 µW/m2 [39]. Children’s greater sensitivity to
free ions. Therefore, their brains have comparatively higher RF fields than adults was shown by Gandhi in 1996 [27], by
levels of water with greater electrical conductivity and Stewart’s Report in 2000 for the UK government [40], and
greater RF absorption [33]; myelin continues to develop again subsequently [41,42]. A study of 2009 found five times
through the mid-twenties [34]. Incomplete myelin sheaths the risk for brain tumours for using a mobile phone before
can be damaged by RF, like the axons before being protected the age of 20 [43]. Leukaemia remains the childhood cancer
by myelin, leading to decreased action potential speed [35]. with the highest incidence, followed by central nervous
Children also experience two- to three-fold higher RF doses cancers and brain tumours.
in the eyes and frontal lobe when a mobile phone is used to
Children’s hypersensitivity to EMFs
view virtual reality [31].
All children and adults are sensitive to EMFs. However, like
For children’s sensitivity to EMFs, a study of 1979 found a
other environmental perceptions, some people are hypo- or
dose-response relationship between increased incidence of
hyper-sensitive, as recognised for EMFs in 1885 [44].
childhood leukaemia and electrical wiring configurations
[36]. Children’s sensitivity to RF also had an odds ratio of The term “hypersensitivity” to EMFs is used in two ways.
2.15 for leukaemia in children living < 2 km from AM radio Firstly, it can mean “more sensitive” as opposed to average
transmitters compared with those living > 20 km away or less sensitive. Secondly, as with other environmental
[37], and for children with leukaemia an odds ratio of 2.1 intolerances, it can mean “extremely sensitive” to a wide
for increased mortality for children living close to TV masts range of EMF exposures, sometimes defined as an exaggerated
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response to a substance which is not consciously harmful for The triggering mechanisms include acute and intense
some other people. Most of the literature uses the term EMF exposure with cumulative effects, probably similar to other
“hypersensitivity” interchangeably for both senses, and this hypersensitivity conditions, such as for chemicals which can
is continued here [Table 2]. It relates to EMF sensitivity to also involve mast cell sensitisation [45]. However, there is
visible light or “photosensitivity”, one of the five fundamental no single pathognomonic symptom [46], as expected from
senses in all except the blind, although “photosensitivity” is quantum photonic effects on neuronal tissue.
sometimes also used for “hypersensitivity to light”.
Table 2. Sensitivity to EMFs (non-thermal): approximate percentages (general population)
Cellular Conscious Short-term and
Level of Sensitivity Ref.
Sensitivity Subconscious Long-term Sensitivity
Extreme √ 1.2 % - 3.6 %
Hypersensitive
Above average √ 1.2 % - 29 %
Sensitive [47]
Sensitive Average √ 50 %
Hyposensitive Below average √ 21 %
Human hypersensitivity to EMFs was probably first recorded antennas near to their homes or places of work showed that
in 1746 for Professor Johann Doppelmayr of Nuremberg the symptoms abated when those affected moved away [56].
whose terrible suffering from electrical experiments led Three children, aged 4, 6 and 8 years, who spent three nights
to him being named the first “Martyr of Electricity” [48]. It in a cottage near a mast with three 5G antennas, had sleeping
was again noted in 1750, when repeated electrical shocks problems, like the two accompanying adults. However, the
for several weeks weakened Benjamin Wilson so much children also became emotional and irritable, with two
“that a very small quantity of electric matter” would cause experiencing involuntary diarrhoea and abdominal pains,
uncommon pain [49]. while one had skin rashes [57]. In a family of three exposed
to two 5G antennas 70 m away, the daughter aged 19 years
Sensitivity to EMFs is often difficult to diagnose as the cause of
had the most severe health issues. These included sleeping
adverse symptoms among adults, and much more so among
problems, headache, concentration and memory problems,
children. One physician with 25 years’ experience spent nine
skin disorders, irregular heartbeat, photosensitivity,
months researching before diagnosing hypersensitivity to
involuntary diarrhoea, anxiety and panic attacks [58].
EMFs [50]. Three out of the four cases in another study showed
that it took from 3 to 17 years to identify EMF exposure as Diagnosing electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) in
a cause of symptoms [51]. A former TV producer took 14 children is even more challenging than for adults for at least
years to discover that the cause of her symptoms were EMFs three reasons, as discussed below: (a) Insufficient knowledge
[52]. A survey of 34 adults in the UK with electromagnetic of EMF sources and symptoms; (b) Insufficient remission
hypersensitivity (EHS) showed that 7 (21%) were graduates time in EMF-free areas for a difference in symptom pattern;
of Oxford or Cambridge universities, an unusually high (c) Insufficient use of genetic tests and other biomarkers.
proportion given that these graduates form under 1% of the Insufficient Knowledge of EMF Sources and
UK’s adult population, implying the difficulty of identifying Symptoms
the cause of symptoms [46].
Few parents, teachers or doctors have sufficient knowledge
However, for some adults the onset of hypersensitivity to of both the EMF sources and their symptoms for diagnosing
EMF is clearly caused by a sudden and unexpected acute EHS in children. In Case 1 in a study from Sweden it took
exposure. Examples include exposure to RF transmitters 10 years for physicians and therapists to establish that the
[53], EHS symptoms after 2 hours’ work in front of six active child had EHS [59]. In the UK, the father of a nine-year-old
1900 MHz transmitters (Case RG) or contact with a live pupil, who suffered from headaches, extreme tiredness, and
wire (Case JJ) [54], or long-term occupational exposures by rashes on her legs, noted the worst occurrences were on
electrical and radio workers [18]. the afternoon when the class used laptop computers. This
enabled him and their general practitioner to diagnose the
For children, as with adults, the onset of hypersensitivity can
cause as the Wi-Fi router next to which the child was sitting
also be caused by the sudden introduction of RF exposures.
in the classroom and the symptoms stopped when the child
Convincing examples include the installation of (a) wireless
was removed from this environment [60]. In Case History
smart meters, and (b) 5G antennas.
# 3 in a study from Canada, it took three years to identify
(a) In a survey of 92 subjects reporting EHS symptoms from the cause of a 14-year-old boy’s depressive and aggressive
the installation of wireless smart meters at their homes or symptoms as the electrical wiring supply next to his bed [51].
their neighbours’, five (5%) were children. Their five most For a baby and small child, it took a university researcher to
common symptoms were insomnia, headaches, tinnitus, link their skin rashes and one later case of absence seizure
lethargy and cognitive disturbance [55]. with visiting or living near over-head power lines [61].
(b) Seven case studies cataloguing EHS symptoms in Sadly, some children have died as a result ignorance or
previously healthy people after the installation of 5G misinformation about sensitivity to EMFs. One 13-year-old
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died of leukaemia after sleeping for three years next to an same time and were unable to continue playing in a match.
electricity meter, despite complaining of “pressure in the The game was on a sports pitch located near the top of a
head” within six months of moving to the house [62]. This hill. He subsequently linked these adverse symptoms, which
followed a study of 232 children for whom the odds ratio he too experienced but to a milder extent, with numerous
for the risk of leukaemia was 2.15 close to certain wiring mobile phones simultaneously activated about 900m away
configurations, compared with controls [63]. Over-head in one direction, while the nearest mast was about 500m
power cables were linked with brain tumours in 14- and away from the sports pitch in the opposite direction, leaving
15-year-old children in legal cases against the electricity the pupils and teacher in the middle, caught by the radiation.
provider in 1994 [64]. A 15-year-old pupil in the UK, who A similar case occurred in a primary school where each year
was highly allergic to EMFs from Wi-Fi, committed suicide in children in a particular classroom suffered more nosebleeds
2015 after the headteacher of her school which deployed Wi- than usual, and surveys with meters later revealed a narrow
Fi refused to read scientific information on the effects of its beam of radiation through that classroom from a distant mast.
EM radiation, instead mistakenly claiming that it was “safe” In another case, secondary school pupils sitting in one row
[65]. of seats were more likely than others to suffer nosebleeds;
a power cable was later discovered under the floor along
Few general physicians know much about the effects of
the line of these desks. Other cases are individual, with one
environmental EMFs or have received appropriate training.
teenager, unable to sleep, eagerly reporting the following day
Some 54% of doctors in Switzerland accepted that EMF
that he had slept exceptionally well after following advice to
exposure could cause ill health [66], but in Germany only
switch off his mobile phone which he kept under his pillow.
8% had taken part in EMF training [67]. However, German
physicians recommended protective measures in 46% of 253 Insufficient use of Genetic Tests and Other
consultations, advocating the removal of electrical devices Biomarkers for Children’s EHS
or moving to a different apartment or town. In France, 79% Genetic tests and other biomarkers are rarely used to help
of 600 physicians accepted that living near power lines or confirm a child’s hypersensitivity. The genetic variants (null)
regularly using a mobile phone or Wi-Fi increased the risk GSTT1 + (null)GSTM1 are nearly ten times more prevalent
of illness [68]. in EHS people than others [72]. Similarly, DNA repair genes
Insufficient Remission Time in EMF-Free areas for with diminished repair capacity, such as the XRCC1 Ex9+16A
a Difference in Symptom Pattern allele, were possibly associated with childhood leukaemia
near electric transformers and power lines [73]. The
If the cause of EHS is Wi-Fi or similar exposures at both home primary sensor Piezo1 can affect myelin repair [74], while
and school, a child suffering EHS may rarely be long enough demyelination, sometimes a result of RF exposure [75, 76],
in remission, free of the EMFs, for the child or parents to has also been associated with EHS. Reduced myelin applies
notice any significant difference in symptoms. However, one to children, from fetus through to the mid-20s years, as
case study of a boy aged 8 years used remission to diagnose explained above [34,] and also the elderly.
EHS. He developed severe headache, some fatigue and
dizziness at school after the installation of a 5G mast close Other tests to support diagnoses of EHS in adults may
to the school, but was generally symptom-free at his home also be rarer for children. These include scans, such as
MRI to show brain damage [77], and ultrasonic cerebral
which had considerably lower EMF levels [69].
tomosphygmography to show compromised brain blood flow
In comparison, it can be easier for a teacher, whose EHS has [78, 79]. However, despite a wide range of indicators there
been caused by a school’s installation of Wi-Fi in the classroom, is no single biomarker [80], as expected for the transient
to spend time away from the Wi-Fi in the classroom and thus impact of photons on a bioelectrical body.
realise the difference in symptoms This was true in Case 3
Short-term conscious health effects
from Sweden [59] of a teacher who “recovered and felt well
again” during a week’s sick-leave, and for a teacher in the UK Most short-term adverse symptoms caused by EMF
who “felt completely normal” over the weekend away from exposures have been known for over 200 years, as evident
the classroom [70]. Another teacher, Dr Andrew Tresidder’s from symptoms in the 18th century [81] compared with those
Case Study 2 [71], became so ill with EHS that she had to in the 21st century [82]. Among highly exposed people, the
resign from her work, only subsequently discovering that younger aged under 40 years reported more inflammation
the cause was the school’s Wi-Fi after she experienced the than the older. The symptoms of anxiety, headache, and
remission of symptoms in areas free from Wi-Fi. impaired concentration, memory and problem-solving
related to the level, not the duration, of exposure [83].
It is also challenging for teachers to identify children
hypersensitive to EMFs, although one secondary school A survey specifically on children involved 357 controls living
teacher linked the cognitive agitation of an able pupil who elsewhere and 609 aged 9-18 within 20 km of the Skrunda
suddenly called out “I can’t think” to a mobile phone switched radio location station. For residential locations at 3.7 km
on at the back of the classroom unseen by the pupil. In another the mean exposure was 3,205 µW/m2. The reaction time to
case, during an outdoors sports session, he noted that about sound and visual stimuli was longer for the Skrunda group
15% of two teams of teenagers suddenly became ill at the than controls, especially aged 9-13 years. For the Skrunda
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group subdivided into exposed and unexposed, memory linked with children’s headaches [103], cognition [104], and
and attention were considerably less for the exposed group DNA damage has been found close to masts [105], as has
living in front of the transmitters, along with decreased unrepairable chromosomal aberrations [106].
neuromuscular endurance, and with delayed reactions in
Long-term EMF exposure at home and school is also relevant
girls but not boys [84]. In other studies, ten-year-old boys
to specific children genetically susceptible to particularly
living in areas with higher RF exposure showed lower verbal
long-term EMF damage. Thus children with genetic traits
scores and higher internalizing and total problems [85],
linked with thyroid cancer should avoid RF [107], as should
while longer duration of mobile phone calling (>40 min/
those with disrupted CACNA1C gene expression perturbing
week) had higher concurrent total behavioural problems
l-type voltage-gated calcium channels [108], leading to
[86]. Children aged 5 exposed to higher RF-EMF levels from
increased anxiety [109]. Girls with hereditary breast cancer
mobile phone base stations showed a higher risk of 1.82 for
predispositions are recommended sunglasses to block blue
emotional symptoms [87]. For 293 school children in Poland
light from digital screens [110], and older boys with a genetic
aged 7 years, higher levels of RF-EMF were associated with
disposition to infertility should avoid Wi-Fi and mobile
mental health difficulties and emotional problems [88].
phones [111], while, pupils with unfavourable toxicokinetic
Higher smartphone use was linked to shorter sleep duration
variations in antioxidant genes linked with chemical
and increased sleep disturbances in 292 Swiss adolescents
sensitivity, long associated with electrical sensitivity, should
aged 11-15 [89].
be removed from EMF environments like Wi-Fi [112]. Other
Cognition and memory are also affected by EMFs. For 217 studies link EMF exposure with neuron impairment [113],
boys aged 13-16 at two schools near masts with different and kidney diseases [114], while all may be susceptible to
exposure levels of similar radiation, those at the more Wi-Fi effects on the fibrous elements of the large vessel wall
exposed school had impaired motor skills and spatial leading to cardiovascular disorders [115].
working memory compared with the less exposed school
Adverse psychological effects from
[90]. Memory problems among Swedish children increased
wireless addiction
nearly 60 times between 2006 and 2024 and nearly tripled
between 2019 and 2024 in Norwegian children aged 5-14 The psychological distress arising from digital and wireless
years. Since 2019 5G with its high exposure levels was addiction [116] is becoming more widely recognised
deployed [91]. [117]. Two results of RF are anxiety and depression [118].
These emotional problems can be related to alexithymia,
Long-term subconscious health effects the inability to recognise, understand or describe emotions
The long-term effects of EMFs are relevant to children who [119]. Girls were more affected than boys by depression
may be exposed to high levels of EMFs for all their lives. Long- through social media use and suffered poor sleep [120], both
term effects including cancers and neurological harm can also features of the effects of the RF radiation itself. High levels
be linked to conscious short-term symptoms for some EHS of smart phone use were associated with reduced short-
people with specific sensitivities. Long-term non-thermal term memory and reduced spirituality [121]. Another study
EMF effects have been known since 1948 when microwave found headache as the prime effect, along with tinnitus and
irradiation caused testicular degeneration [92]. In 1953 a depression [122].
doctor’s survey of radar workers found, in addition to short- Since anxiety, depression, disturbed sleep and headaches, key
term headaches, long-term brain tumours, leukaemia and elements of wireless addiction, are all established RF-EMF
internal bleeding [93]. In 2002 and 2011 the IARC classified effects, it is possible that they are less results of psychological
EMFs as class 2B possible carcinogens. A recent review found addiction than physiological RF-EMF exposure. Studies are
high certainty of evidence that RF causes cancer [94], and needed to assess how far the two causes overlap.
experts now state that there is enough evidence to reclassify
RF as a class 1 known carcinogen, the highest category [95]. Children’s rights against involuntary EMF
RF transmitters can cause both short-term and also long- exposure
term symptoms, such as an increased incidence in childhood At present, almost all children’s man-made EMF exposure is
leukaemia [96] and increased leukaemia, brain, bladder, partly or wholly involuntary. This presents ethical as well as
male breast and skin cancers within 2 km [97], while the risk health challenges, given the evidence for adverse effects. Some
of cancer was three times higher near a mast [98], and the experts have likened it to an experiment without informed
risk for women over ten times higher [99]. consent in contravention of the Nuremberg Code [123], since
any testing of humans with a classified carcinogen like EMFs
A special concern for long-term symptoms in children
is unethical and 5G radiation was deployed in areas with
is prenatal and postnatal exposure where both were
children without full prior safety testing.
associated with behavioural difficulties such as emotional
and hyperactivity problems in 13,159 children around the Although a school’s EMF environment is the responsibility
age of school entry [100]. Other studies have proposed a of the head teacher as regards Wi-Fi and mobile phones,
pathophysiological link between EMF exposure and autism external sources such as masts depend on the local planning
through oxidative stress and other mechanisms [101, authority. In the year 2000 the UK’s Stewart’s Report advised
102]. In addition, pre- and post-natal exposures have been that schools should be consulted over masts where the main
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beam fell on their premises [40]. The Report recognised that A few individual pupils and teachers who are hypersensitive
children will be exposed to EMFs for their lifetime, that their have won legal cases or been helped practically in several
nervous systems are developing, and that their moisture countries and had Wi-Fi and mobile phone radiation removed
content and thus conductivity and their energy absorption from their school environment. Most countries have health &
are higher than an adult’s. Therefore, the UK applied the safety, equality, safeguarding, duty of care and precautionary
precautionary principle in its recommendation of 2004 legislation, which require accommodations. Sometimes EHS
[124], followed by Chief Medical Officers’ advice in 2011 is specified as requiring assistance, as in the US. Some adults
that children under 16 “should be encouraged to use mobile have received compensation for injuries from mobile phone
phones for essential purposes only, and to keep calls short” radiation, or been granted ill-health early-retirement pension
[125]. rights, or phone masts have had to be removed. People with
EHS or with implants have been classified by some legal
Likewise at home parents have only partial control of
systems as interested parties in the siting of masts, because
children’s EMF exposures. They can use wired ethernet
of their need for protection.
connections in place of Wi-Fi, but are usually powerless to
prevent nearby masts, neighbours’ Wi-Fi and mobile phone Protecting children from man-made EMF
use, or wireless smart meters, all of which can impact their exposure
children’s health. Even if the parents move home to protect
To protect children from adverse effects of EMF it is first
a child who is hypersensitive to EMFs, there is no guarantee
necessary to determine the lowest known threshold of harm,
under present laws that the new accommodation will
the “No observed adverse effect level” (NOAEL). This must
remain EMF-free. Similarly, some countries prohibit new
then be reduced, where relevant, to allow for interspecies
buildings near overhead cables, but others do not and do
and intraspecies differences and the higher sensitivity of
not apply the precautionary principle. One commentator
groups such as children [Table 3]. In addition, extra reduction
claimed that to remove all buildings within 300 m to reduce
may be necessary for extreme individual sensitivity, unusual
magnetic fields near overhead power lines to under 0.1 µT
toxic synergies or existing health conditions. Some experts
“is simply unaffordable” [126], although safety outweighs
state that, as for stochastic risks like X-rays, there is no
cost in air and car travel, and in the removal of tobacco
safety threshold for man-made EMFs. The human body has
smoke, asbestos and lead in petrol. Insurance risks are also
already adapted to natural low levels such as the eye reacting
challenging [127], since most underwriters from the 1990s
to a single photon of visible light or two infrared photons,
onwards have refused to cover EMFs [128] except as high
and living cells emitting low levels of biophotons to aid
risk like asbestos.
communication and homeostasis.
The International Declaration on the Human Rights of
Children’s higher sensitivity requires greater protection
Children in the Digital Age was promulgated in 2023. One
than healthy adults, as also for the elderly and ill, pregnant
of the three rights it promotes is that children should not be
women and hypersensitive persons. Protection includes
exposed to harmful wireless radiation [129]. Some countries
long-term and non-thermal effects along with modulated
have already banned Wi-Fi in nurseries and elementary
exposures, such as the dangers of Wi-Fi [130]. Selye proposed
schools.
his general adaptation syndrome in 1950, with its triphasic
The dangers of adverse health, social and psychological responses of alarm, resistance and exhaustion [131]. After
effects have led to many bans on children’s use of mobile years of cumulative exposure, many children could react
phones in schools. In Europe they are banned as in 2025 in with mitochondrial resistance to, or exhaustion from, the
France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg and parts of Switzerland, oxidative stress of environmental EMFs, as with asthma and
and many schools in the UK, while Denmark is developing a neurodevelopment [132].
law and Belgium and the Netherlands advise against them.
A problem for children’s EMF protection is that many
Table 3. No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), safety and sensitivity reductions, RF EMF. (a) Non-thermal, long-term,
modulated. (b) Thermal, short-term, unmodulated
Human, No observed adverse Safety reductions Sensitivity
Harm Ref.
Animal effect level (NOAEL) (or thermal increases) reductions
(a) Non-thermal, long-term, modulated
2 x 10-fold reductions: 10-fold reduction
mice, cardiomyopathy,
0.2-0.4 W/kg interspecies and intraspecies. children: 0.0002- [133]
rats neoplasms
whole body, adults: 0.002-0.004 W/kg 0.0004 W/kg
brain effects: [2 x 10-fold safety reductions: [10-fold sensitivity:
humans 0.003 W/kg [134]
beta 2 0.00003 W/kg] 0.000003 W/kg]
humans, median, 165 results 10-fold reduction:
< 0.0165 W/kg [135]
animals SAR 0.00165 W/kg
adverse health [2 x 10-fold safety reductions: [10-fold sensitivity: [136]
humans 500 μW/m2
effects 5 μW/m2] 0.5 μW/m2] [137]
(b) Thermal, short-term, unmodulated
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Table 3. No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), safety and sensitivity reductions, RF EMF. (a) Non-thermal, long-term,
modulated. (b) Thermal, short-term, unmodulated
altered brain 0.6 W/kg [not used for ICNIRP’s thermal
rats [138]
cholinergic activity (2.45 GHz) guidelines]
2.5 W/kg (1.28 GHz) [used for ICNIRP’s thermal
8 male rats [139]
4.9 W/kg (1.28 GHz) guidelines]
10 increase in 81,000,000 μW/m2
temperature and (225 MHz)
5 male disrupted behaviour 570,000,000 μW m2 [used for ICNIRP’s thermal [140]
monkeys (1.3 GHz) guidelines] [141]
720,000,000 μW/m2
(2.45 GHz)
“children … might
core: core (whole body average):
100 kHz – 300 GHz have a lower
4 W/kg 0.08 W/kg aver. over 10g, 30 min
tolerance .. than
the rest of the
ICNIRP head and torso: head and torso: population … it
formally 100 kHz – 6 GHz: 20 W/kg 2 W/kg averaged over 10g, 6 min may be useful to
[142]
recognized limbs: limbs: develop separate
by WHO: 40 W/kg 4 W/kg averaged over 10g, 6 min guideline levels …
[143]
thermal some guidelines
limits may still not
head and torso: head and torso: 20,000,000 μW/m2 provide adequate
6 – 300 GHz
200,000,000 μW/m2 averaged over 4 cm2, 6 min protection for
limbs: limbs: 40,000,000 μW/m2 certain sensitive
30 – 300 GHz
400,000,000 μW/m2 averaged over 1 cm2, 6 min individuals”
western countries still use ICNIRP’s unprotective guidelines. reactions are very variable and influenced by innumerable
As the table illustrates, these were based on studies limited biophysical factors, hypersensitive people often experience
to thermal, short-term effects, with unmodulated exposures. adverse health above 0.05 V/m, as supported by some
They derived from animal studies in the 1970s and 1980s, ecological studies. Mobile phones can receive at < 0.02 V/m,
determined by the core temperature rise of 10 associated although replacing them with a wired system would be much
with disrupted behaviour in finding food. The threshold better for children’s health. If 0.05 V/m is used as the NOAEL
was given as 4 Watts per kilogram (W/kg), with guidelines for RF-EMF, a safety factor of 10-fold gives a limit of 0.005
reduced by 50 to 0.08 W/kg, but with 2 W/kg allowed for V/m (0.06 μW/m2) [145].
the head and torso, and 4 W/kg for the limbs. Thermal
Some 1.2 % – 29 % of all children are likely to be
guidelines are “fundamentally flawed”, unlike DNA stress
hypersensitive to EMFs, with 1.2 % – 3.6 % extremely
responses [144]. Guidelines based on non-thermal or long-
sensitive, as explained above. This also applies to parents
term health effects derive from a threshold in the range of
and teachers. This sensitivity is an issue of growing concern.
0.003 W/kg to 0.0165 W/kg, giving a safety level for children
The statement on EHS by the International Commission on
in the range of 0.000003 W/kg, or 0.0002 W/kg based only
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF)
on animal studies.
describes it as a “humanitarian crisis” requiring an urgent
Since the ICNIRP guidelines do not protect children, they are response. This is particularly relevant to sensitive children in
inappropriate for locations like homes and schools where schools: “Many of these exposures are involuntary and now
children spend long periods of time. Instead, non-thermal, inescapable. Common outcomes of this are job, school and
long-term, guidelines are needed, such as Bioinitiative, home loss, separation from family and friends, inability to
EUROPAEM or IGNIR. Most classify children as sensitive, in access medical care and general lack of access to all areas of
comparison with adults. Some also define exposure levels the public domain. The unmitigated, neglected widespread
by duration or sleeping or working areas, or by modulation disruption of lives is inhumane and deeply troubling.” [146]
and frequency [Table 4]. The electric field, in Volts per metre
An important document relating to children with EHS is
(V/m), is more appropriate for assessing health harm from
the Scientific Consensus International Report on EHS by
EMF environments than the heating metrics, such as specific
thirty-two worldwide experts, published in 2021 [147].
absorption rate (W/kg), or power density (μW/m2).
This confirmed that EHS is a distinct neuropathological
To assess children’s EMF environment, parents, head teachers condition and not the different condition, a psychological
and general practitioners need EMF meters. They are easy nocebo response [148]. The latter is obviously irrelevant to
to use and quickly indicate problems. Although conscious most younger children hypersensitive to EMFs. They have
International Journal of Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences 162
Journals Era Publications
Table 4. RF-EMF guidelines specifically including children: Non-thermal, long-term, modulated.
Electric
Children, Power Density
Guidelines Field Notes Ref.
Sensitive μW/m2
V/m
children 0.03 V/m 3 μW/m2
BioInitiative For chronic exposure to pulsed RF [149]
adults 0.05 V/m 6 μW/m2
GPRS (2.5G) with PTCCH (8.33 Hz pulsing),
0.006 V/m 0.1 μW/m 2
DAB+ (10.4 Hz pulsing),
Wi-Fi 2.4/5.6 GHz (10 Hz pulsing)
children,
EUROPAEM sensitive GSM (2G) 900/1,800 MHz, DECT (cordless
0.02 V/m 1 μW/m2 [150]
> 4 hours phone), UMTS (3G), LTE (4G)
0.06 V/m 10 μW/m2 TETRA, DVBT
0.19 V/m 100 μW/m2 Radio broadcast (FM)
Night: 10 x sensitive
non-sensitive
Day: 100 x sensitive
children, < 0.02
< 1 μW/m2 Average: 0.006 to < 0.001 V/m; 0.1 μW/m2
sensitive V/m
IGNIR < 0.06 V/m < 10 μW/m2 Night. Average: 0.02 V/m, 1 μW/m2 [151]
non-sensitive
< 0.19 V/m <100 μW/m2 Day. Average: 0.06 V/m, < 10 μW/m2
not experienced prior cognitive conditioning necessary for experts [160], and the ICNIRP’S 2020 Guidelines can be seen
a psychological response. This is also true for many unaware as failing on “fundamental scientific quality requirements”,
adults who become EHS before discovering its cause. rendering them unprotective of children’s health [161].
Nevertheless, some children especially sensitive to EMFs The safeguarding of children’s health requires a different
fail to receive the help they need in the removal of the EMFs theoretical basis from the socio-economic argument behind
causing their ill health. One reason is the misleading and thermal limits, where often legal action is necessary for
illogical confusion between the two different conditions of the removal of, or compensation for, EMF harm [162]. For
electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS), known since 1746, children, like many adults, who have no power to control
and “electrophobia”, known since 1903. This confusion was their physical environment, any socio-economic benefits of
introduced arbitrarily in 2004 without any proof by the United the military-industrial complex are irrelevant if their health
Nations’ agency, the World Health Organization (WHO). is harmed in the short or long term. Children’s health should
Similarly, in 1972 the WHO arbitrarily rejected without any not be harmed through unsafe economic exploitation, if the
proof the non-thermal effects on the nervous system already
WHO’s definition of health is followed as “a state of complete
established by expert scientists in California and elsewhere
physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
in the US, and in the USSR and other European and eastern
absence of disease or infirmity” [163].
countries [152]. The ICNIRP, formally recognized by the WHO,
still publishes thermal and short-term guidelines which are Conclusion
unprotective for children. These “captured” agencies [153]
All children are more sensitive than adults to the EMFs in
are aligned with the military-industrial complex [154],
their environment and need greater protection at home and
effectively promoting a “conspiracy” to invalidly deny non-
school from short-term and long-term effects. Children who
thermal effects like EHS [155]. In contrast to the problems
are hypersensitive to EMFs need particular protection, and
with the WHO [156] and to bias in studies sponsored
all children need protection from being exposed so much
by governments and industries [157], the independent
that they become hypersensitive. Parents and teachers
viewpoint, represented by the International Commission on
need to provide children with an environment which has
the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF),
safe levels of EMFs below the threshold for adverse health.
supports the Scientific Consensus International Report in
accepting the reality of EHS rather than the false suppositions However, many parents and teachers lack the necessary
and erroneous assumptions behind the short-term thermal information, since “the media, the responsible organizations
myth and psychological hypothesis [158]. “National and (World Health Organization) and the governments are not
international bodies, particularly the WHO, will bear major transmitting this crucial information to the population, who
responsibility for failing to provide specific science-based remain uninformed.” [164] The greater information and
guidance” to protect children [159]. In fact, a court in Italy appropriate actions outlined above and elsewhere [165]
rejected evidence supplied by the ICNIRP and similar groups show how children’s health can be protected, and how their
with conflicts of interest and instead preferred independent electromagnetic environment can be made safe.
163 International Journal of Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences
Journals Era Publications
Funding 5. Beard, G. M. (1881) American Nervousness: Its Causes
and Consequences. A Supplement to Nervous Exhaustion
This research received no external funding.
(Neurasthenia), Putnam: New York.
Conflicts of Interest:
6. Panagopoulos, D.J., Johansson, O. and Carlo, G.L. (2015)
The author declares no conflict of interest. Polarization: a key difference between man-made and
natural electromagnetic fields, in regard to biological
Abbreviations
activity. : Sci Rep, 5(1), 14914.
EHS Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
7. Nelson, I. (2025) Exploring the influence of Schumann
ELF Extremely low frequency resonance and electromagnetic fields on bioelectricity
EMF Electromagnetic Field and human health. Electromagn Biol Med., 44, 348-358.
EUROPAEM European Academy for Clinical 8. Nevoit, G., Landauskas, M., McCarty, R., Bumblyte, I.A.,
Environmental Medicine Potyazhenko, M., Taletaviciene, G., Jarusevicius, G. and
GHz gigahertz frequency Vainoras, A. (2025) Schumann resonances and the
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IARC International Agency for Research on 9. Gaisenok, O., Gaisenok, D. and Bogachev, S. (2025)
Cancer The Influence of Geomagnetic Storms on the Risks of
Developing Myocardial Infarction, Acute Coronary
ICBE-EMF International Commission on Biological
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ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing
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Cite this article: Michael Bevington. Children’s Sensitivity to Environmental Electromagnetic Fields. International Journal of
Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences. 2026;4(1): 156-170.
Copyright: © 2026. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
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170 International Journal of Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences
